Helen Keller (1880–1968) was an American author, activist, and lecturer who overcame blindness and deafness to become a global inspiration. Contracting an illness at 19 months, she learned to communicate through her teacher, Anne Sullivan. Keller wrote books, advocated for disability rights, and lectured worldwide, showcasing resilience and determination.Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) was an Indian lawyer who became a leading figure in India’s fight against British rule through nonviolent resistance. Committed to alleviating poverty and championing women’s rights, his philosophy of peaceful protest inspired global civil rights movements, leaving a lasting legacy of compassion and justice.Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) rose to fame during the French Revolution, becoming Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, in 1804. Renowned as one of history’s greatest military strategists, his relentless ambition and tactical brilliance defined his legacy, though his ruthless campaigns left a complex mark on global history.Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) was a pivotal leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. Guided by his Christian faith and inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s nonviolent activism, he championed racial equality, leaving an enduring legacy in the fight for justice and civil rights.Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a groundbreaking approach to understanding the human mind. His theories on the unconscious, dreams, and psychosexual development revolutionized psychology, though often controversial. Freud’s work, including concepts like the id, ego, and superego, profoundly influenced therapy, literature, and culture.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) was an Austrian composer, widely regarded as one of the greatest musical prodigies in history. A master of the Classical era, he composed over 600 works, including symphonies, operas, and chamber music, blending emotional depth with technical brilliance. His timeless masterpieces, like The Marriage of Figaro and Symphony No. 40, continue to inspire and captivate audiences worldwide.William Shakespeare (1564–1616) is celebrated as one of the greatest writers in the English language. A master of drama and poetry, his iconic plays, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth, explore timeless themes of love, tragedy, and human nature. His profound influence on literature, theater, and language endures, with works that continue to captivate and inspire audiences worldwide.John F. Kennedy (1917–1963), known as JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. A charismatic leader, he inspired with his vision for progress, including the space race and civil rights advancements. Tragically, JFK was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas, leaving a lasting legacy as a symbol of hope and change in American history.Alexander III of Macedon (356–323 BC), known as Alexander the Great, built one of history’s largest empires by age 30. Mentored by Aristotle, he ascended to the throne at 20, leading unparalleled military campaigns across Persia, Egypt, and India. His strategic genius and vision for cultural unity left an enduring legacy, shaping the Hellenistic world.Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) ruled the Soviet Union as its leader for over 30 years, from the 1920s until his death. His regime, marked by authoritarian control, launched the Great Purge (1934–1939), a brutal campaign of political and ethnic repression that imprisoned over a million people. Stalin’s policies, including forced collectivization and industrialization, transformed the USSR but at a devastating human cost, leaving a controversial legacy of power and oppression.Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) was an American writer renowned for his dark, macabre poetry and short stories, including The Raven and The Tell-Tale Heart. Despite his literary brilliance, his works brought little financial success, yet he continued writing until his mysterious death in 1849 at age 40. Poe’s haunting tales and innovative style profoundly influenced gothic literature and modern horror, cementing his legacy as a master of the eerie and psychological.Richard Nixon (1913–1994), the 37th President of the United States (1969–1974), championed landmark environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Species Act. He also played a key role in the Paris Peace Accords, facilitating the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam in 1973. Despite these achievements, his presidency was marred by the Watergate scandal, leading to his resignation. Nixon’s complex legacy reflects both significant policy advancements and political controversy.Abraham Lincoln served as the President of the United States while the American Civil War raged on in 1861. He played a crucial role in reuniting the Union and Confederate states and successfully abolished slavery. Tragically, shortly after being re-elected, he fell victim to an assassination by John Wilkes Booth.Maya Angelou (1928–2014) was an American poet, author, and civil rights activist, best known for her memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), which vividly explored her early life, identity, and resilience against racism and trauma. Born Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri, she faced a turbulent childhood, including racial discrimination and personal hardship, which shaped her powerful storytelling. A multifaceted figure, she worked as a dancer, singer, and journalist before gaining literary fame.Isaac Newton (1643–1727) was an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer whose groundbreaking work shaped modern science. His laws of motion and universal gravitation, detailed in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, revolutionized physics. Knighted in 1705, Newton’s discoveries in optics, calculus, and mechanics remain foundational. Despite his genius, he was famously private, leaving a legacy as one of history’s greatest scientific minds.Marie Curie, a trailblazing scientist, was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, earning awards in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). Her pioneering research on radioactivity led to the discovery of polonium and radium, revolutionizing science and medicine. Despite her brilliance, radiation exposure caused her death in 1934.Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was an English naturalist and biologist whose theory of evolution by natural selection reshaped science. His seminal work, On the Origin of Species (1859), introduced the concept of species evolving through survival adaptations. Darwin’s meticulous research, including his Galápagos Islands studies, revolutionized biology, sparking debates on evolution and human origins.Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) was an Italian Renaissance artist, sculptor, painter, and architect, celebrated as one of history’s greatest creative geniuses. His masterpieces, including the David statue, the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and The Last Judgment, showcase unparalleled skill and emotional depth. Michelangelo’s work defined Renaissance art, blending technical precision with profound spirituality, leaving an enduring legacy in Western culture.Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher (384–322 BCE), is a titan of Western thought. His work shaped logic, ethics, politics, and science for centuries. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, he wrote on everything from metaphysics to biology, laying foundations for rational inquiry. His influence? Massive—think "father of Western philosophy" level.Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) was an American suffragist and social reformer who dedicated her life to women’s rights and equality. A key figure in the women’s suffrage movement, she tirelessly campaigned for the right to vote, co-founding the National Woman Suffrage Association. Her advocacy laid the groundwork for the 19th Amendment, granting women voting rights in 1920. Anthony’s fearless activism continues to inspire.Harriet Tubman (c. 1822–1913) was an American abolitionist and social activist who escaped slavery and became a leading figure in the Underground Railroad. She guided countless enslaved people to freedom, earning the nickname "Moses." A fearless advocate for civil rights, Tubman also served as a Union spy during the Civil War.Elizabeth I was one of England's most famous monarchs, ruling from 1558-1603 and known for her strong leadership and patronage of the arts.Socrates (c. 470–399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher whose groundbreaking work in ethics and moral philosophy shaped Western thought. Renowned for the Socratic method, a probing dialogue to stimulate critical thinking, he challenged conventional beliefs and inspired figures like Plato.Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and went on to conquer much of Europe, becoming Emperor of the French in 1804.Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) was a Baptist minister and iconic civil rights leader who championed racial equality in the American civil rights movement. Through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian faith and Gandhi’s principles, he fought for justice, delivering the iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. Assassinated in 1968, his legacy endures in the global pursuit of equality.Michelangelo was an Italian Renaissance artist known for his sculptures and paintings, including the statue of David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling.Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese philosopher of the Zhou dynasty whose teachings shaped moral and political ethics in East Asia. Emphasizing filial piety, respect for authority, and lifelong learning, his philosophy, recorded in the Analects, promoted harmony and virtue.Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer who is considered one of the greatest composers of all time, known for his works including the Ninth Symphony and "Ode to Joy."Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was a British naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection transformed biology. His seminal work, On the Origin of Species (1859), argued that species evolve through natural processes, supported by his Galápagos research. Darwin’s ideas reshaped science and sparked global debate.Thomas Edison (1847–1931) was an American inventor and entrepreneur renowned for pioneering the practical incandescent light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera, among countless innovations. His inventive genius and business acumen transformed technology and daily life, earning him over 1,000 patents. Edison’s legacy continues to illuminate the world.Khufu was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who is known for his monumental building projects, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death, renowned for his six marriages and his role in the English Reformation. His break with the Catholic Church, sparked by his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, led to the establishment of the Church of England. A larger-than-life figure, his reign saw political intrigue, religious upheaval, and cultural advancements.Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, responsible for initiating World War II and the Holocaust, which resulted in millions of deaths. His extremist ideology, outlined in Mein Kampf, promoted anti-Semitism and aggressive expansionism. His regime’s atrocities left a devastating mark on history.Pablo Picasso is the correct answer because he was a renowned painter who created an abstract painting of the Spanish Civil War. Picasso's famous work "Guernica" depicts the horrors and suffering caused by the war, making him the artist associated with this subject matter.Winston Churchill is the correct answer because he was well-known for his love of cigars and is often pictured with one. He served as the British prime minister during World War II and is considered one of the greatest leaders in British history.Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a revolutionary approach to understanding the human psyche. His theories on the unconscious mind, psychosexual development, and concepts like the id, ego, and superego transformed psychology, influencing therapy, literature, and culture. Despite controversies, Freud’s work remains a cornerstone of modern psychology.The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for pharaohs. Pharaohs were the rulers ofancient Egypt and were considered divine beings. The construction of pyramids was away to ensure their eternal resting place and to showcase their power and wealth.These massive structures were built with great precision and required a large number ofskilled workers and resources, emphasizing the importance of pharaohs in Egyptiansociety.Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) was an American Baptist minister and civil rights leader who championed racial equality through nonviolent resistance. Inspired by Christian faith and Gandhi’s nonviolence, he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and delivered the iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. Assassinated in 1968, his work advanced the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act, leaving a global legacy of justice.Albert Einstein (1879–1955), a German-born physicist, revolutionized science with his theory of relativity, including E=mc². His 1921 Nobel Prize recognized his work on the photoelectric effect. Fleeing Nazi Germany, he settled in the U.S., contributing to physics, pacifism, and civil rights, becoming a cultural icon.Karl Benz (1844–1929) was a German mechanical engineer and inventor, widely regarded as the "father of the automobile." In 1885, he designed and built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, considered the first practical automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine, patented and unveiled in 1886. Born in Karlsruhe, he studied at the local Polytechnic and founded Benz & Cie, which later became part of Mercedes-Benz. His innovations, including the carburetor and gear shift, laid the foundation for modern cars.Cleopatra (born 70/69 bce—died August 30 bce, Alexandria) was an Egyptian queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony.Genghis Khan's (c. 1162–1227) military innovations and ruthless conquests stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea, fundamentally reshaping Eurasia and facilitating cultural exchange along the Silk Road.Ferdinand Magellan(c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer best known for planning and leading the 1519–22 Spanish expedition to the East Indies. During this expedition, he discovered the Strait of Magellan, performed the first European crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and made the first known European contact with the Philippines.Amelia Earhart (1897–1937, declared dead 1939) was an American aviation pioneer and author. After her solo transatlantic flight, she attempted to fly around the world in 1937 and disappeared over the Pacific, becoming a lasting symbol of courage.Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was the ultimate Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, and writer. His notebooks contain designs for flying machines and tanks centuries ahead of their time.Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), known as “The Lady with the Lamp,” transformed nursing into a respected profession. Her statistical graphs and sanitation reforms drastically reduced hospital death rates and established the first science-based nursing school.Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) was a Russian novelist regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time. His epic War and Peace and tragic Anna Karenina explore history, morality, and human nature on an unparalleled scale.Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as president from 1994 to 1999. Leader of the African National Congress, he was imprisoned from 1962 to 1990, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, and became a global symbol of reconciliation.Joan of Arc (1412–1431) was a French peasant girl who, claiming divine visions, led the French army to several victories during the Hundred Years’ War. Captured by the English, she was tried for heresy and burned at the stake at age 19.Queen Victoria (1819–1901) ruled the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign until Elizabeth II. Her era saw the height of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and strict moral standards that defined the “Victorian age.”Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who ended the Roman Republic. His conquest of Gaul, alliance with Cleopatra, and crossing of the Rubicon triggered a civil war that led to his dictatorship and eventual assassination.Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) was a Scottish-born inventor and scientist who patented the first practical telephone in 1876. He also worked extensively on optical telecommunications, aeronautics, and education for the deaf.Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter who produced over 2,100 artworks in just over a decade. His vivid colours and emotional intensity in works like The Starry Night made him one of art’s most influential figures.Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led present-day Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama to independence from the Spanish Empire, earning him the title “El Libertador.”Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) was an American poet who lived a reclusive life in Amherst, Massachusetts. Fewer than a dozen of her nearly 1,800 poems were published during her lifetime; her innovative style influenced modern poetry profoundly.Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) was a Serbian-American engineer and inventor known for designing the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. He held over 300 patents and contributed to wireless communication and X-ray technology.Catherine the Great (1729–1796), originally Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, seized the Russian throne in 1762. During her reign she modernized Russia, expanded its borders, and corresponded with Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire.Marco Polo (1254–1324) was a Venetian merchant whose 24-year journey to Asia resulted in “The Travels of Marco Polo,” introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China and inspiring generations of explorers, including Christopher Columbus.Malcolm X (1925–1965), born Malcolm Little, was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who became one of the most influential African-American leaders after his pilgrimage to Mecca and break with the Nation of Islam.Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist who discovered penicillin, the world’s first antibiotic. He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine and revolutionized treatment of bacterial infections.Agatha Christie (1890–1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, which revolve around the investigations of characters like Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. According to the Guinness World Records, she is the best-selling fiction writer of all time, with her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Her play "The Mousetrap" holds the world record for the longest initial run in history.Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. His work is characterized by bold colors and dramatic, impulsive, and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art, despite him struggling with mental illness and poverty throughout his life.Elvis Presley (1935–1977) was an American singer and actor who became one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century. Referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll," his energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations, led him to both great success and initial controversy. He remains the best-selling solo music artist of all time.Neil Armstrong (1930–2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who became the first person to walk on the Moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969. A former Navy pilot and test pilot, Armstrong’s calm under pressure was legendary. Upon stepping onto the lunar surface, he uttered the historic words, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind," a moment watched by an estimated 530 million people worldwide.Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States. As the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, he articulated the fundamental ideals of American democracy. Jefferson was also a polymath who founded the University of Virginia, doubled the size of the U.S. through the Louisiana Purchase, and was a passionate advocate for religious freedom and public education.Queen Victoria (1819–1901) reigned over the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 until her death. Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire, with Victoria eventually taking the title "Empress of India" in 1876.Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013) was a British statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the first female British prime minister and the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady," a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style, known as Thatcherism.Anne Frank (1929–1945) was a German-born Dutch-Jewish diarist and one of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust. She gained posthumous fame with the 1947 publication of "The Diary of a Young Girl" (originally "Het Achterhuis"), in which she documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. It is one of the world's best-known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.Rosa Parks (1913–2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement." In 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks rejected a bus driver's order to leave her seat in the "colored section" to a white passenger after the whites-only section was filled. Her defiance became a symbol of the struggle for racial equality.Walt Disney (1901–1966) was an American entrepreneur, animator, writer, voice actor, and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He created the iconic character Mickey Mouse in 1928 and went on to establish Disneyland and the Walt Disney World Resort, fundamentally changing the landscape of family entertainment.Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led the independence of what are currently the states of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama from the Spanish Empire. Bolívar is viewed as a national icon in much of modern South America and is considered one of the great heroes of the 19th-century independence movements. His vision for a unified Spanish America culminated in the creation of Gran Colombia, of which he served as president.Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007) was a Russian and Soviet politician who served as the first president of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged as a populist and a proponent of democratic and free-market reforms. He played a key role during the August 1991 coup attempt and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union. His presidency was marked by economic "shock therapy," the First Chechen War, and the rise of the Russian oligarchs.George Orwell (1903–1950), the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is characterized by lucid prose, biting social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism. He is best known for the allegorical novella "Animal Farm" and the dystopian novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four," which introduced terms like "Big Brother," "Thought Police," and "Doublethink" into the English lexicon.Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who has been called the "father of observational astronomy" and the "father of modern physics." His improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations led to the discovery of the four largest moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the observation of sunspots. His advocacy of Copernican heliocentrism was controversial during his lifetime, leading to his trial by the Roman Inquisition and subsequent house arrest.Salvador Dalí (1904–1989) was a Spanish surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking, bizarre images in his work. His most famous painting, "The Persistence of Memory," introduced the iconic image of melting pocket watches. Dalí's artistic repertoire included film, sculpture, and photography, at times in collaboration with a range of artists in various media. He was as famous for his eccentric personality and flamboyant mustache as he was for his art, intentionally cultivating a public persona that was as surreal as his canvases.Golda Meir (1898–1978) was an Israeli statesman, politician, and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel. Born in Kyiv and raised in the United States, she immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1921. She was one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence and served as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister before being elected Prime Minister in 1969. Often described as the "Iron Lady" of Israeli politics, she led the country during the Yom Kippur War of 1973, a conflict that deeply tested the nation's survival.Steve Jobs (1955–2011) was an American business magnate, industrial designer, and media proprietor. He was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Jobs is widely recognized as a pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with his early business partner Steve Wozniak. Under his guidance, Apple developed a series of revolutionary products, including the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, and iPad. He also served as the chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar and was a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors.Andy Warhol (1928–1987) was an American artist, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best-known works include the silkscreen paintings "Campbell's Soup Cans" and "Marilyn Diptych." He also founded "The Factory," a studio that became a famous gathering place for intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, and Hollywood celebrities.George Washington Carver (1864–1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, as a source of their own food and to improve their quality of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, Carver was also a leader in promoting environmentalism and was awarded the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.Bill Gates (1955–present) is an American business magnate, software developer, and philanthropist. He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, which became the world's largest personal computer software company. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, CEO, and chief software architect. Since leaving day-to-day operations at Microsoft, he has focused on philanthropic endeavors through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the world's largest private charitable foundation, which works to improve global health and reduce extreme poverty.Amy Johnson (1903–1941) was a pioneering English pilot who was the first woman to fly solo from London to Australia. Flying a second-hand de Havilland Gipsy Moth named "Jason," she departed from Croydon on May 5, 1930, and landed in Darwin on May 24 after flying 11,000 miles. Her achievement earned her worldwide fame and the Harmon Trophy. During the Second World War, she joined the Air Transport Auxiliary and died when the plane she was ferrying ran out of fuel and crashed into the Thames Estuary.Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States. She faced significant opposition and social stigma but was eventually admitted to Geneva Medical College in New York, where she graduated first in her class in 1849. She was a social and moral reformer in both the United States and the United Kingdom and was a pioneer in promoting the education of women in medicine. She also co-founded the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.Jane Austen (1775–1817) was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique, and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Her plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of favorable social standing and economic security. Her works, including "Sense and Sensibility," "Pride and Prejudice," and "Emma," are famous for their irony, social commentary, and realism, and have remained popular for over two centuries, inspiring numerous film and television adaptations.Louis XIV (1638–1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. Louis XIV began his personal rule of France in 1661 and was a leader in the centralization of state power. He moved the royal court to the magnificent Palace of Versailles, which became a symbol of his absolute power and the cultural center of Europe during his reign.Peter the Great (1672–1725) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 1682 until his death in 1725. Through a series of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernized, and based on the Enlightenment. His reforms had a lasting impact on Russia, and he founded the city of Saint Petersburg, which served as the capital for over two centuries.Alan Turing (1912–1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. He was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, where he led Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis, and devised techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers.Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. Many of his works, such as "A Farewell to Arms" and "For Whom the Bell Tolls," are considered classics of American literature.Valentina Tereshkova (1937–present) is a member of the Russian State Duma, engineer, and former cosmonaut. She is known for being the first and youngest woman to have flown in space with a solo mission on the Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963. She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, and remains the only woman to have been on a solo space mission. Before being recruited for the Soviet space program, she was a textile-factory worker and an amateur skydiver, which was the skill that led to her selection.Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age" and the "architect of the atomic bomb." He was one of very few physicists to excel in both theoretical physics and experimental physics. Fermi was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity by neutron bombardment and for the discovery of transuranic elements. He also made significant contributions to the development of statistical mechanics and quantum theory.Mark Twain (1835–1910), whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was lauded as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced," and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature." His novels include "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and its sequel, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," the latter often called "The Great American Novel." Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse, but evolved into a chronicler of the vanities and hypocrisies of mankind.Henry Ford (1863–1947) was an American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that middle-class Americans could afford, he converted the automobile from an expensive luxury into an accessible conveyance that profoundly impacted the landscape of the 20th century. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As the owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world.René Descartes (1596–1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy. His best-known philosophical statement is "cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), found in his Discourse on the Method. In mathematics, he is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, which was crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. He was a major figure in the 17th-century continental rationalism and had a profound impact on the subsequent development of Western thought.Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opened the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. While his legacy is controversial today due to the treatment of indigenous peoples, his voyages were a major turning point in world history.Claude Monet (1840–1926) was a French painter and a founder of French Impressionist painting. The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting "Impression, Soleil levant" (Impression, Sunrise), exhibited in 1874. Monet's ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883, Monet lived in Giverny, where he created his famous water-lily pond that would be the subject of his best-known works.Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He is a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works "Astronomia nova," "Harmonices Mundi," and "Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae." These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz and an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe.James Watt (1736–1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776. This was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines and realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder.Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for instrumental compositions such as the "Brandenburg Concertos" and the "Goldberg Variations," and for vocal music such as the "St Matthew Passion" and the "Mass in B minor." Bach's work is celebrated for its technical command, artistic beauty, and intellectual depth. While he was relatively obscure as a composer during his lifetime, he is now generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was an Austrian meteorologist, mathematician, biologist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire. He posthumously gained fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought. His "Discourse on Inequality" and "The Social Contract" are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. He argued that private property was the source of all social ills and that the "General Will" should guide the state.John Steinbeck (1902–1968) was an American author and the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature winner "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception." He has been called "a giant of American letters." Many of his works are considered classics of Western literature, including the novella "Of Mice and Men" and the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "The Grapes of Wrath," which depicts the struggle of migrant workers during the Great Depression.Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A member of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections. He directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda, and led the nation through World War II until shortly before the Allied victory.Richard Feynman (1918–1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium. For his contributions to the development of QED, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He was also a key member of the Rogers Commission that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States. Before his presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California. Reagan's presidency is known for his "Reaganomics" economic policies and his escalated efforts in the Cold War, which many historians credit with helping to hasten the collapse of the Soviet Union.Max Planck (1858–1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck's work significantly revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes, much as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized the understanding of space and time.Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society. He published dozens of essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. His most famous essay is "Self-Reliance."Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his first months in office, he dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain communism.Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), often referred to as Teddy Roosevelt or his initials T.R., was the 26th president of the United States. He was a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. He is known for his "Square Deal" domestic policies, his conservation efforts (founding many National Parks), and for being the namesake of the "Teddy Bear."Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993) was an American lawyer and civil rights activist who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including "Brown v. Board of Education."Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson's presidency was dominated by his conflicts with the Radical Republicans over the terms of Reconstruction, leading to his impeachment by the House of Representatives (though he was acquitted by the Senate by one vote).Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States. He assumed the presidency after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His "Great Society" legislation aimed to expand civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, aid to education, the arts, urban and rural development, public services, and his "War on Poverty."Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, which provided the first source of continuous electricity. The SI unit of electric potential is named the "volt" in his honor.Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) was a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite. Her X-ray diffraction images of DNA, particularly Photo 51, were critical to the discovery of the DNA double helix.Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is best known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements. He used the table to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.Thomas Edison (1847–1931) was an American inventor and businessman who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures, including the phonograph and the long-lasting electric light bulb.James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon.Stephen Hawking (1942–2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. He is known for his work on the origins and structure of the universe, particularly the physics of black holes.Michael Faraday (1791–1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis. His invention of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology.Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a Renaissance-era polymath, astronomer, and mathematician who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. The publication of this model in his book 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium' triggered the Copernican Revolution.Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from common ancestors is now widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. He developed his ideas primarily during his five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle.You scored 0 out of 120You scored 1 out of 120You scored 2 out of 120You scored 3 out of 120You scored 4 out of 120You scored 5 out of 120You scored 6 out of 120You scored 7 out of 120You scored 8 out of 120You scored 9 out of 120You scored 10 out of 120You scored 11 out of 120You scored 12 out of 120You scored 13 out of 120You scored 14 out of 120You scored 15 out of 120You scored 16 out of 120You scored 17 out of 120You scored 18 out of 120You scored 19 out of 120You scored 20 out of 120You scored 21 out of 120You scored 22 out of 120You scored 23 out of 120You scored 24 out of 120You scored 25 out of 120You scored 26 out of 120You scored 27 out of 120You scored 28 out of 120You scored 29 out of 120You scored 30 out of 120You scored 31 out of 120You scored 32 out of 120You scored 33 out of 120You scored 34 out of 120You scored 35 out of 120You scored 36 out of 120You scored 37 out of 120You scored 38 out of 120You scored 39 out of 120You scored 40 out of 120You scored 41 out of 120You scored 42 out of 120You scored 43 out of 120You scored 44 out of 120You scored 45 out of 120You scored 46 out of 120You scored 47 out of 120You scored 48 out of 120You scored 49 out of 120You scored 50 out of 120You scored 51 out of 120You scored 52 out of 120You scored 53 out of 120You scored 54 out of 120You scored 55 out of 120You scored 56 out of 120You scored 57 out of 120You scored 58 out of 120You scored 59 out of 120You scored 60 out of 120You scored 61 out of 120You scored 62 out of 120You scored 63 out of 120You scored 64 out of 120You scored 65 out of 120You scored 66 out of 120You scored 67 out of 120You scored 68 out of 120You scored 69 out of 120You scored 70 out of 120You scored 71 out of 120You scored 72 out of 120You scored 73 out of 120You scored 74 out of 120You scored 75 out of 120You scored 76 out of 120You scored 77 out of 120You scored 78 out of 120You scored 79 out of 120You scored 80 out of 120You scored 81 out of 120You scored 82 out of 120You scored 83 out of 120You scored 84 out of 120You scored 85 out of 120You scored 86 out of 120You scored 87 out of 120You scored 88 out of 120You scored 89 out of 120You scored 90 out of 120You scored 91 out of 120You scored 92 out of 120You scored 93 out of 120You scored 94 out of 120You scored 95 out of 120You scored 96 out of 120You scored 97 out of 120You scored 98 out of 120You scored 99 out of 120You scored 100 out of 120You scored 101 out of 120You scored 102 out of 120You scored 103 out of 120You scored 104 out of 120You scored 105 out of 120You scored 106 out of 120You scored 107 out of 120You scored 108 out of 120You scored 109 out of 120You scored 110 out of 120You scored 111 out of 120You scored 112 out of 120You scored 113 out of 120You scored 114 out of 120You scored 115 out of 120You scored 116 out of 120You scored 117 out of 120You scored 118 out of 120You scored 119 out of 120You scored 120 out of 120
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NextNext QuizIncorrectCorrectGenerating your resultRetryOops, Quizday rookie! Don't worry, even the greatest quiz masters had to start somewhere. You may have stumbled this time, but every mistake is an opportunity to learn and grow. Keep on quizzing, Quizday newbie, and let your thirst for knowledge guide you towards greatness!Hooray for trying, Quizday explorer! You may not have aced the quiz this time, but you're like a brave adventurer trekking through uncharted territories. Keep exploring, Quizday fan, and let your inquisitive spirit be your guide to the riches of knowledge. Who knows what wonders await you on your next quiz quest?Great effort, Quizday adventurer! You're like a curious cat exploring the world of trivia with wide-eyed wonder. Keep on quizzing, Quizday fan, and let your enthusiasm for knowledge propel you towards success. Remember, even the most experienced quiz champions started somewhere. You're on your way to greatness!Hooray for taking the Quizday challenge! 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Certain figures have gained such immense fame and impact that their names are instantly known to the masses. Take George Washington and Adolf Hitler, for example—two names etched in history, yet with vastly contrasting legacies. But how deep is your knowledge of these legendary historical figures? Can you name the most iconic authors, presidents, political leaders, and inventors without hesitation? Test your historical savvy and identify each prominent individual featured in this engaging quiz!
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